PlantUMLLanguage specificationSequence Diagram
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时序图

简单示例

你可以用->来绘制参与者之间传递的消息， 而不必显式地声明参与者。

你也可以使用 --> 绘制一个虚线箭头。

另外，你还能用 <- 和 <--，这不影响绘图，但可以提高可读性。 注意：仅适用于时序图，对于其它示意图，规则是不同的。 

@startuml
用户 -> 认证中心: 登录操作
认证中心 -> 缓存: 存放(key=token+ip,value=token)token

用户 <- 认证中心 : 认证成功返回token
用户 -> 认证中心: 下次访问头部携带token认证
认证中心 <- 缓存: key=token+ip获取token
其他服务 <- 认证中心: 存在且校验成功则跳转到用户请求的其他服务
其他服务 -> 用户: 信息
@enduml

声明参与者

关键字 participant 用于改变参与者的先后顺序。

你也可以使用其它关键字来声明参与者：
  • actor
  • boundary
  • control
  • entity
  • database
  • collections

@startuml
actor Foo1
boundary Foo2
control Foo3
entity Foo4
database Foo5
collections Foo6
Foo1 -> Foo2 : To boundary
Foo1 -> Foo3 : To control
Foo1 -> Foo4 : To entity
Foo1 -> Foo5 : To database
Foo1 -> Foo6 : To collections

@enduml

关键字 as 用于重命名参与者

你可以使用RGB值或者颜色名修改 actor 或参与者的背景颜色。 

@startuml
actor Bob #red
' The only difference between actor
'and participant is the drawing
participant Alice
participant "I have a really\nlong name" as L #99FF99
/' You can also declare:
   participant L as "I have a really\nlong name"  #99FF99
  '/

Alice->Bob: Authentication Request
Bob->Alice: Authentication Response
Bob->L: Log transaction
@enduml

您可以使用关键字 order自定义顺序来打印参与者。 

@startuml
participant Last order 30
participant Middle order 20
participant First order 10
@enduml

WARNING
 This translation need to be updated. 
WARNING

在参与者中使用非字母符号

你可以使用引号定义参与者，还可以用关键字 as 给参与者定义别名。 

@startuml
Alice -> "Bob()" : Hello
"Bob()" -> "This is very\nlong" as Long
' You can also declare:
' "Bob()" -> Long as "This is very\nlong"
Long --> "Bob()" : ok
@enduml

给自己发消息

参与者可以给自己发信息，

消息文字可以用\n来换行。 

@startuml
Alice->Alice: This is a signal to self.\nIt also demonstrates\nmultiline \ntext
@enduml

Text alignment

Text of response message below the arrow

You can put the text of the response message below the arrow, with the skinparam responseMessageBelowArrow true command. 

@startuml
skinparam responseMessageBelowArrow true
Bob -> Alice : hello
Alice -> Bob : ok
@enduml

TODO
Link to Text Alignment on skinparam page.

修改箭头样式

修改箭头样式的方式有以下几种:
  • 表示一条丢失的消息：末尾加 x
  • 让箭头只有上半部分或者下半部分：将<和>替换成\或者 /
  • 细箭头：将箭头标记写两次 (如 >> 或 //)
  • 虚线箭头：用 -- 替代 -
  • 箭头末尾加圈：->o
  • 双向箭头：<->

@startuml
Bob ->x Alice
Bob -> Alice
Bob ->> Alice
Bob -\ Alice
Bob \\- Alice
Bob //-- Alice

Bob ->o Alice
Bob o\\-- Alice

Bob <-> Alice
Bob <->o Alice
@enduml

修改箭头颜色

你可以用以下记号修改箭头的颜色： 

@startuml
Bob -[#red]> Alice : hello
Alice -[#0000FF]->Bob : ok
@enduml

对消息序列编号

关键字 autonumber 用于自动对消息编号。 

@startuml
autonumber
Bob -> Alice : Authentication Request
Bob <- Alice : Authentication Response
@enduml

语句 autonumber //start// 用于指定编号的初始值，而 autonumber //start// //increment// 可以同时指定编号的初始值和每次增加的值。 

@startuml
autonumber
Bob -> Alice : Authentication Request
Bob <- Alice : Authentication Response

autonumber 15
Bob -> Alice : Another authentication Request
Bob <- Alice : Another authentication Response

autonumber 40 10
Bob -> Alice : Yet another authentication Request
Bob <- Alice : Yet another authentication Response

@enduml

你可以在双引号内指定编号的格式。

格式是由 Java 的DecimalFormat类实现的： (0 表示数字；# 也表示数字，但默认为0)。

你也可以用 HTML 标签来制定格式。 

@startuml
autonumber "<b>[000]"
Bob -> Alice : Authentication Request
Bob <- Alice : Authentication Response

autonumber 15 "<b>(<u>##</u>)"
Bob -> Alice : Another authentication Request
Bob <- Alice : Another authentication Response

autonumber 40 10 "<font color=red><b>Message 0  "
Bob -> Alice : Yet another authentication Request
Bob <- Alice : Yet another authentication Response

@enduml

你还可以用语句 autonumber stop 和 autonumber resume //increment// //format// 来表示暂停或继续使用自动编号。 

@startuml
autonumber 10 10 "<b>[000]"
Bob -> Alice : Authentication Request
Bob <- Alice : Authentication Response

autonumber stop
Bob -> Alice : dummy

autonumber resume "<font color=red><b>Message 0  "
Bob -> Alice : Yet another authentication Request
Bob <- Alice : Yet another authentication Response

autonumber stop
Bob -> Alice : dummy

autonumber resume 1 "<font color=blue><b>Message 0  "
Bob -> Alice : Yet another authentication Request
Bob <- Alice : Yet another authentication Response
@enduml

页面标题,页眉,页脚

使用title关键词增加标题
使用header关键词增加页眉
使用footer关键词增加页脚

@startuml

header Page Header
footer Page %page% of %lastpage%

title Example Title

Alice -> Bob : message 1
Alice -> Bob : message 2

@enduml

分割示意图

关键字 newpage 用于把一张图分割成多张。

在 newpage 之后添加文字，作为新的示意图的标题。

这样就能很方便地在 Word 中将长图分几页打印。 

@startuml

Alice -> Bob : message 1
Alice -> Bob : message 2

newpage

Alice -> Bob : message 3
Alice -> Bob : message 4

newpage A title for the\nlast page

Alice -> Bob : message 5
Alice -> Bob : message 6
@enduml

组合消息

我们可以通过以下关键词将组合消息：
  • alt/else
  • opt
  • loop
  • par
  • break
  • critical
  • group, 后面紧跟着消息内容

可以在标头(header)添加需要显示的文字(group除外)。

关键词 end 用来结束分组。

注意，分组可以嵌套使用。 

@startuml
Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request

alt successful case

    Bob -> Alice: Authentication Accepted

else some kind of failure

    Bob -> Alice: Authentication Failure
    group My own label
    Alice -> Log : Log attack start
        loop 1000 times
            Alice -> Bob: DNS Attack
        end
    Alice -> Log : Log attack end
    end

else Another type of failure

   Bob -> Alice: Please repeat

end
@enduml

WARNING
 This translation need to be updated. 
WARNING

Secondary group label

For group, it is possible to add, between[ and ], a secondary text or label that will be displayed into the header. 

@startuml
Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
Bob -> Alice: Authentication Failure
group My own label [My own label 2]
    Alice -> Log : Log attack start
    loop 1000 times
        Alice -> Bob: DNS Attack
    end
    Alice -> Log : Log attack end
end
@enduml

[Ref. QA-2503]

给消息添加注释

我们可以通过在消息后面添加 note left 或者 note right 关键词来给消息添加注释。

你也可以通过使用 end note 来添加多行注释。 

@startuml
Alice->Bob : hello
note left: this is a first note

Bob->Alice : ok
note right: this is another note

Bob->Bob : I am thinking
note left
a note
can also be defined
on several lines
end note
@enduml

其他的注释

可以使用note left of，note right of或note over在节点(participant)的相对位置放置注释。

还可以通过修改背景色来高亮显示注释。

以及使用关键字end note来添加多行注释。 

@startuml
participant Alice
participant Bob
note left of Alice #aqua
This is displayed
left of Alice.
end note

note right of Alice: This is displayed right of Alice.

note over Alice: This is displayed over Alice.

note over Alice, Bob #FFAAAA: This is displayed\n over Bob and Alice.

note over Bob, Alice
This is yet another
example of
a long note.
end note
@enduml

改变备注框的形状

你可以使用 hnote 和 rnote 这两个关键字来修改备注框的形状。 

@startuml
caller -> server : conReq
hnote over caller : idle
caller <- server : conConf
rnote over server
 "r" as rectangle
 "h" as hexagon
endrnote
@enduml

*[Ref. [QA-1765](https://forum.plantuml.net/1765/is-it-possible-to-have-different-shapes-for-notes?show=1806#c1806)]*
WARNING
 This translation need to be updated. 
WARNING

Note over all participants [across]

You can directly make a note over all participants, with the syntax:
  • note across: note_description

@startuml
Alice->Bob:m1
Bob->Charlie:m2
note over Alice, Charlie: Old method for note over all part. with:\n ""note over //FirstPart, LastPart//"".
note across: New method with:\n""note across""
Bob->Alice
hnote across:Note across all part.
@enduml

[Ref. QA-9738]

Several notes aligned at the same level [/]

You can make several notes aligned at the same level, with the syntax /:
  • without /(by default, the notes are not aligned)

@startuml
note over Alice : initial state of Alice
note over Bob : initial state of Bob
Bob -> Alice : hello
@enduml

  • with /(the notes are aligned)

@startuml
note over Alice : initial state of Alice
/ note over Bob : initial state of Bob
Bob -> Alice : hello
@enduml

[Ref. QA-354]

Creole和HTML

可以使用creole格式。

@startuml
participant Alice
participant "The **Famous** Bob" as Bob

Alice -> Bob : hello --there--
... Some ~~long delay~~ ...
Bob -> Alice : ok
note left
  This is **bold**
  This is //italics//
  This is ""monospaced""
  This is --stroked--
  This is __underlined__
  This is ~~waved~~
end note

Alice -> Bob : A //well formatted// message
note right of Alice
 This is <back:cadetblue><size:18>displayed</size></back>
 __left of__ Alice.
end note
note left of Bob
 <u:red>This</u> is <color #118888>displayed</color>
 **<color purple>left of</color> <s:red>Alice</strike> Bob**.
end note
note over Alice, Bob
 <w:#FF33FF>This is hosted</w> by <img sourceforge.jpg>
end note
@enduml

分隔符

你可以通过使用 == 关键词来将你的图表分割多个步骤。 

@startuml

== 标本核收录入阶段 ==

Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
Bob --> Alice: Authentication Response

== Repetition ==

Alice -> Bob: Another authentication Request
Alice <-- Bob: another authentication Response

@enduml

WARNING
 This translation need to be updated. 
WARNING

引用

你可以在图中通过使用ref over关键词来实现引用 

@startuml
participant Alice
actor Bob

ref over Alice, Bob : init

Alice -> Bob : hello

ref over Bob
  This can be on
  several lines
end ref
@enduml

延迟

你可以使用...来表示延迟，并且还可以给延迟添加注释。 

@startuml

Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
...
Bob --> Alice: Authentication Response
...5 minutes latter...
Bob --> Alice: Bye !

@enduml

Text wrapping

To break long messages, you can manually add \n in your text.

Another option is to use maxMessageSize setting: 

@startuml
skinparam maxMessageSize 50
participant a
participant b
a -> b :this\nis\nmanually\ndone
a -> b :this is a very long message on several words
@enduml

空间

你可以使用|||来增加空间。

还可以使用数字指定增加的像素的数量。 

@startuml

Alice -> Bob: message 1
Bob --> Alice: ok
|||
Alice -> Bob: message 2
Bob --> Alice: ok
||45||
Alice -> Bob: message 3
Bob --> Alice: ok

@enduml

生命线的激活与撤销

关键字activate和deactivate用来表示参与者的生命活动。

一旦参与者被激活，它的生命线就会显示出来。

activate和deactivate适用于以上情形。

destroy表示一个参与者的生命线的终结。 

@startuml
participant User

User -> A: DoWork
activate A

A -> B: << createRequest >>
activate B

B -> C: DoWork
activate C
C --> B: WorkDone
destroy C

B --> A: RequestCreated
deactivate B

A -> User: Done
deactivate A

@enduml

还可以使用嵌套的生命线，并且运行给生命线添加颜色。 

@startuml
participant User

User -> A: DoWork
activate A #FFBBBB

A -> A: Internal call
activate A #DarkSalmon

A -> B: << createRequest >>
activate B

B --> A: RequestCreated
deactivate B
deactivate A
A -> User: Done
deactivate A

@enduml

Return

A new command return for generating a return message with optional text label. The point returned to is the point that cause the most recently activated life-line. The syntax is simply return label where label, if provided, can be any string acceptable on conventional messages. 

@startuml
Bob -> Alice : hello
activate Alice
Alice -> Alice : some action
return bye
@enduml

创建参与者

你可以把关键字create放在第一次接收到消息之前，以强调本次消息实际上是在创建新的对象。 

@startuml
Bob -> Alice : hello

create Other
Alice -> Other : new

create control String
Alice -> String
note right : You can also put notes!

Alice --> Bob : ok

@enduml

Shortcut syntax for activation, deactivation, creation

Immediately after specifying the target participant, the following syntax can be used:

  • ++ Activate the target (optionally a #color may follow this)
  • -- Deactivate the source
  • ** Create an instance of the target
  • !! Destroy an instance of the target

@startuml
alice -> bob ++ : hello
bob -> bob ++ : self call
bob -> bib ++  #005500 : hello
bob -> george ** : create
return done
return rc
bob -> george !! : delete
return success
@enduml

进入和发出消息

如果只想关注部分图示，你可以使用进入和发出箭头。

使用方括号[和]表示图示的左、右两侧。 

@startuml
[-> A: DoWork

activate A

A -> A: Internal call
activate A

A ->] : << createRequest >>

A<--] : RequestCreated
deactivate A
[<- A: Done
deactivate A
@enduml

还可以使用下面的语法: 

@startuml
[-> Bob
[o-> Bob
[o->o Bob
[x-> Bob

[<- Bob
[x<- Bob

Bob ->]
Bob ->o]
Bob o->o]
Bob ->x]

Bob <-]
Bob x<-]
@enduml

WARNING
 This translation need to be updated. 
WARNING

Short arrows for incoming and outgoing messages

You can have short arrows with using ?. 

@startuml
?-> Alice    : ""?->""\n**short** to actor1
[-> Alice    : ""[->""\n**from start** to actor1
[-> Bob      : ""[->""\n**from start** to actor2
?-> Bob      : ""?->""\n**short** to actor2
Alice ->]    : ""->]""\nfrom actor1 **to end**
Alice ->?    : ""->?""\n**short** from actor1
Alice -> Bob : ""->"" \nfrom actor1 to actor2
@enduml

[Ref. QA-310]

Anchors and Duration

With teoz usage it is possible to add anchors to the diagram and use the anchors to specify duration time. 

@startuml
!pragma teoz true

{start} Alice -> Bob : start doing things during duration
Bob -> Max : something
Max -> Bob : something else
{end} Bob -> Alice : finish

{start} <-> {end} : some time

@enduml

构造类型和圈点

可以使用<<和>>给参与者添加构造类型。

在构造类型中，你可以使用(X,color)格式的语法添加一个圆圈圈起来的字符。 

@startuml

participant "Famous Bob" as Bob << Generated >>
participant Alice << (C,#ADD1B2) Testable >>

Bob->Alice: First message

@enduml

默认使用 guillemet 字符来显示构造类型。 你可以使用外观参数 guillemet 来修改显示行为。 

@startuml

skinparam guillemet false
participant "Famous Bob" as Bob << Generated >>
participant Alice << (C,#ADD1B2) Testable >>

Bob->Alice: First message

@enduml


@startuml

participant Bob << (C,#ADD1B2) >>
participant Alice << (C,#ADD1B2) >>

Bob->Alice: First message

@enduml

更多标题信息

你可以在标题中使用creole格式。 

@startuml

title __Simple__ **communication** example

Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
Bob -> Alice: Authentication Response

@enduml

在标题描述中使用\n表示换行。 

@startuml

title __Simple__ communication example\non several lines

Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
Bob -> Alice: Authentication Response

@enduml

还可以使用关键字title和end title定义多行标题。 

@startuml

title
 <u>Simple</u> communication example
 on <i>several</i> lines and using <font color=red>html</font>
 This is hosted by <img:sourceforge.jpg>
end title

Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
Bob -> Alice: Authentication Response

@enduml

包裹参与者

可以使用box和end box画一个盒子将参与者包裹起来。

还可以在box关键字之后添加标题或者背景颜色。 

@startuml

box "Internal Service" #LightBlue
participant Bob
participant Alice
end box
participant Other

Bob -> Alice : hello
Alice -> Other : hello

@enduml

移除脚注

使用hide footbox关键字移除脚注。 

@startuml

hide footbox
title Footer removed

Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
Bob --> Alice: Authentication Response

@enduml

外观参数(skinparam)

用skinparam改变字体和颜色。

可以在如下场景中使用：

你也可以修改其他渲染元素，如以下示例： 

@startuml
skinparam sequenceArrowThickness 2
skinparam roundcorner 20
skinparam maxmessagesize 60
skinparam sequenceParticipant underline

actor User
participant "First Class" as A
participant "Second Class" as B
participant "Last Class" as C

User -> A: DoWork
activate A

A -> B: Create Request
activate B

B -> C: DoWork
activate C
C --> B: WorkDone
destroy C

B --> A: Request Created
deactivate B

A --> User: Done
deactivate A

@enduml


@startuml
skinparam backgroundColor #EEEBDC
skinparam handwritten true

skinparam sequence {
ArrowColor DeepSkyBlue
ActorBorderColor DeepSkyBlue
LifeLineBorderColor blue
LifeLineBackgroundColor #A9DCDF

ParticipantBorderColor DeepSkyBlue
ParticipantBackgroundColor DodgerBlue
ParticipantFontName Impact
ParticipantFontSize 17
ParticipantFontColor #A9DCDF

ActorBackgroundColor aqua
ActorFontColor DeepSkyBlue
ActorFontSize 17
ActorFontName Aapex
}

actor User
participant "First Class" as A
participant "Second Class" as B
participant "Last Class" as C

User -> A: DoWork
activate A

A -> B: Create Request
activate B

B -> C: DoWork
activate C
C --> B: WorkDone
destroy C

B --> A: Request Created
deactivate B

A --> User: Done
deactivate A

@enduml

填充区设置

可以设定填充区的参数配置。 

@startuml
skinparam ParticipantPadding 20
skinparam BoxPadding 10

box "Foo1"
participant Alice1
participant Alice2
end box
box "Foo2"
participant Bob1
participant Bob2
end box
Alice1 -> Bob1 : hello
Alice1 -> Out : out
@enduml

Appendix: Examples of all arrow type

Normal arrow

@startuml
participant Alice as a
participant Bob   as b
a ->     b : ""->   ""
a ->>    b : ""->>  ""
a -\     b : ""-\   ""
a -\\    b : ""-\\\\""
a -/     b : ""-/   ""
a -//    b : ""-//  ""
a ->x    b : ""->x  ""
a x->    b : ""x->  ""
a o->    b : ""o->  ""
a ->o    b : ""->o  ""
a o->o   b : ""o->o ""
a <->    b : ""<->  ""
a o<->o  b : ""o<->o""
a x<->x  b : ""x<->x""
a ->>o   b : ""->>o ""
a -\o    b : ""-\o  ""
a -\\o   b : ""-\\\\o""
a -/o    b : ""-/o  ""
a -//o   b : ""-//o ""
a x->o   b : ""x->o ""
@enduml

Incoming and outgoing messages (with '[', ']')

Incoming messages (with '[')

@startuml
participant Alice as a
participant Bob   as b
[->      b : ""[->   ""
[->>     b : ""[->>  ""
[-\      b : ""[-\   ""
[-\\     b : ""[-\\\\""
[-/      b : ""[-/   ""
[-//     b : ""[-//  ""
[->x     b : ""[->x  ""
[x->     b : ""[x->  ""
[o->     b : ""[o->  ""
[->o     b : ""[->o  ""
[o->o    b : ""[o->o ""
[<->     b : ""[<->  ""
[o<->o   b : ""[o<->o""
[x<->x   b : ""[x<->x""
[->>o    b : ""[->>o ""
[-\o     b : ""[-\o  ""
[-\\o    b : ""[-\\\\o""
[-/o     b : ""[-/o  ""
[-//o    b : ""[-//o ""
[x->o    b : ""[x->o ""
@enduml

Outgoing messages (with ']')

@startuml
participant Alice as a
participant Bob   as b
a ->]      : ""->]   ""
a ->>]     : ""->>]  ""
a -\]      : ""-\]   ""
a -\\]     : ""-\\\\]""
a -/]      : ""-/]   ""
a -//]     : ""-//]  ""
a ->x]     : ""->x]  ""
a x->]     : ""x->]  ""
a o->]     : ""o->]  ""
a ->o]     : ""->o]  ""
a o->o]    : ""o->o] ""
a <->]     : ""<->]  ""
a o<->o]   : ""o<->o]""
a x<->x]   : ""x<->x]""
a ->>o]    : ""->>o] ""
a -\o]     : ""-\o]  ""
a -\\o]    : ""-\\\\o]""
a -/o]     : ""-/o]  ""
a -//o]    : ""-//o] ""
a x->o]    : ""x->o] ""
@enduml

Short incoming and outgoing messages (with '?')

Short incoming (with '?')

@startuml
participant Alice as a
participant Bob   as b
a ->     b : //Long long label//
?->      b : ""?->   ""
?->>     b : ""?->>  ""
?-\      b : ""?-\   ""
?-\\     b : ""?-\\\\""
?-/      b : ""?-/   ""
?-//     b : ""?-//  ""
?->x     b : ""?->x  ""
?x->     b : ""?x->  ""
?o->     b : ""?o->  ""
?->o     b : ""?->o  ""
?o->o    b : ""?o->o ""
?<->     b : ""?<->  ""
?o<->o   b : ""?o<->o""
?x<->x   b : ""?x<->x""
?->>o    b : ""?->>o ""
?-\o     b : ""?-\o  ""
?-\\o    b : ""?-\\\\o ""
?-/o     b : ""?-/o  ""
?-//o    b : ""?-//o ""
?x->o    b : ""?x->o ""
@enduml

Short outgoing (with '?')

@startuml
participant Alice as a
participant Bob   as b
a ->     b : //Long long label//
a ->?      : ""->?   ""
a ->>?     : ""->>?  ""
a -\?      : ""-\?   ""
a -\\?     : ""-\\\\?""
a -/?      : ""-/?   ""
a -//?     : ""-//?  ""
a ->x?     : ""->x?  ""
a x->?     : ""x->?  ""
a o->?     : ""o->?  ""
a ->o?     : ""->o?  ""
a o->o?    : ""o->o? ""
a <->?     : ""<->?  ""
a o<->o?   : ""o<->o?""
a x<->x?   : ""x<->x?""
a ->>o?    : ""->>o? ""
a -\o?     : ""-\o?  ""
a -\\o?    : ""-\\\\o?""
a -/o?     : ""-/o?  ""
a -//o?    : ""-//o? ""
a x->o?    : ""x->o? ""
@enduml

Specific SkinParameter

By default

@startuml
Bob -> Alice : hello
Alice -> Bob : ok
@enduml

LifelineStrategy

  • nosolid (by default)

@startuml
skinparam lifelineStrategy nosolid
Bob -> Alice : hello
Alice -> Bob : ok
@enduml

[Ref. QA-9016]

  • solid
In order to have solid life line in sequence diagrams, you can use: skinparam lifelineStrategy solid

@startuml
skinparam lifelineStrategy solid
Bob -> Alice : hello
Alice -> Bob : ok
@enduml

[Ref. QA-2794]

style strictuml

To be conform to strict UML (for arrow style: emits triangle rather than sharp arrowheads), you can use:
  • skinparam style strictuml

@startuml
skinparam style strictuml
Bob -> Alice : hello
Alice -> Bob : ok
@enduml

[Ref. QA-1047]

Hide unlinked participant

By default, all participants are displayed. 

@startuml
participant Alice
participant Bob
participant Carol

Alice -> Bob : hello
@enduml

But you can hide unlinked participant. 

@startuml
hide unlinked
participant Alice
participant Bob
participant Carol

Alice -> Bob : hello
@enduml

[Ref. QA-4247]